what is a group of bandits called

Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Fully to realize themselves and the future, they had further to recover their bucolic pleasures and the simplicity and equality of the rustic life. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The term cow puncher or "puncher" is more commonly used in the southwest. ." Encyclopedia.com. A Reuters report said that authorities in the area have attributed the most recent case of mass kidnapping to an armed group of bandits. Nor was it because they lived or died "nobly." Some estimates suggest that there are 1.4 billion insects for every single human on the planet. 2023 . [11] Banditry was especially pervasive in the southern provinces (most notably Guangdong and Fujian) and the second half of the dynasty (1506-1644). It gained momentum in the nineteenth century, and still persisted in twentieth-century historiography, when historians such as Carsten Kther interpreted preindustrial banditry as a counter-society. However, in half of the German gangs studied by Uwe Dancker, wayfaring people (among them ex-soldiers, beggars) were overrepresented. Christon I. Archer, "Banditry and Revolution in New Spain, 17901821," in Biblioteca Americana 1, no. Terms for cowboy vary with the region. One official reported that soldiers travelling by the Grand Canal from adjacent garrisons to the capital committed robbery and murder against civilian travelers and merchants; on the land, these soldiers had fallen into mounted banditry as well. The myth of banditry may well, therefore, have a double function. . Not all of those creatures are particularly social or hang out in groups, but for those that do, youre treated to schools and fevers. Two famous Italian politicians, Luigi Franchetti and Sidney Sonnino, who conducted a wide-ranging investigation in Sicily in the late nineteenth century, noted that, unless one introduced the notion of complicity, it was difficult to understand why there was such widespread peasant submission to the activities of bandits. Richard W. Slatta, "Banditry as Political Participation in Latin America," in Criminal Justice History: An International Annual 11 (1990): 171-187. Throughout most of English language literature, flock of crows far outweighed murder of crows, and until about the 90s, even group of crows was used more frequently than murder of crows. Bandits required protection in order to survive; otherwise they were quickly killed by the landlords' retainers, the police, or the peasants. ." As both families resort to banditry, deeming their acts of illegal violence morally just, they become marginalized. The Poetics of Manhood. Bandidos somos y en el camino andamos: Bandidaje, caminos y administracin de justicia en el siglo XIX, 18211855: El caso de Michoacn. Such tales romanticize bandits and ignore their ignoble deeds, such as robbing, terrorizing, and killing peasants. In Sicily and Greece violent entrepreneurs from pastoral backgrounds managed to create new niches for themselves in the nation-state, especially when the new regime attempted to penetrate the countryside. was, as Hobsbawm has shown, a somewhat less suitable candidate for idealization. Furthermore, a group of young hares is often called leverets. Oxford, 1987. For animals with multiple potential group names, weve bolded the most common that you might encounter. Social Memory. bandit noun [ C ] us / bn.dt / uk / bn.dt / a thief with a weapon, especially one belonging to a group that attacks people traveling through the countryside Synonym brigand literary SMART Vocabulary: related words and phrases Murderers & attackers abductor assailant assassin attacker basher butcher cyberbully death squad gunman highwayman The bandit is thus not so much an expression of peasant reaction to oppression or a form of wish fulfillment as a transfiguration of peasant suffering, transformed from individual execution to the collective personification of sacrifice. Although fear and protection are critical components of bandit power, they are not a sufficient cause for bandits' sustained prepotency. [34] Another example would be Deng Maoqi, a bandit in Fujian who perpetrated robbery on roads and in villages in the late 1440s. Banditry in Islam: Case Studies from Morocco, Algeria, and the PakistanNorth West Frontier. Discourse on and about bandits in society indicates a great deal about that society and its power relations. The most famous of all privateers is probably English admiral Francis Drake, who made a fortune plundering Spanish settlements in the Americas after being granted a privateering commission by Elizabeth I in 1572. The term is derived from the Roman-law concept of status rei Romanae, i.e., the public law of th, Bandicoots (Peramelidae and Peroryctidae), https://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/banditry, https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/banditry, https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/banditry. War increased dislocation and unrest in the countryside, further encouraging banditry. Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. History Workshop 33 (1992): 124. He set himself up outside the community and thus as the ultimate sacrificial victim. In the late nineteenth century Corsican bandits liked to present themselves as "Robin Hood" figures. The members of the gang were , Emmett "Em" Dalton, born in 1871, Robert "Bob" Renick Dalton, born 1869 and Gratton "Grat" Dalton, born in 1861. The peak of Catalan banditry was during the reign of Philip III (15981621). The Colombian Violencia offers another example of banditry, which even Hobsbawm acknowledges to be "in essence more political than social." A politically powerful family could insulate bandits from police and legal authorities. They mostly sustained themselves by hunting wild game, but they did also commit piracy when the opportunity arose. "Banditry ." Much like the rest of human language, these terms of venery come from literature, culture, and (in some cases) random happenstance. Banditry in Europe traditionally appeared in areas where large-scale landholding coexisted with a relatively permanent intermediate strata of leaseholders or freeholders based upon family-sized plots, such as in Sicily, parts of Greece, and Cyprus. In the hands of urban intellectuals it points to the bad old days before the establishment of the nation-state, when life and property were not secure. 27 Apr. Thus activities by bandits that had political implications (such as violence that kept the peasants cowed and docile) were often perceived as personal at the grass roots and hence of only limited concern, except to the participants. But for them, too, it is clear that the structure of their gangs was decisively shaped by people who had a permanent address. It was rather that, by being betrayed and killed or publicly executed, they achieved sacrificial status. [32], Even though bandits were subject to capital punishment, they could still be incorporated into the regime, serving as local police forces and personal soldiers employed by officials to secure order and suppress bandits. When caught and juridically processed, their bodies became the subject of a publicly demonstrated spectacle of state power. Being Bandits, almost all of their armor is torn, tattered, worn, battered, or frayed, and nearly all of their weapons are rusty, splintered, and bent. Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture. In the Mediterranean and elsewhere the circulation of popular accounts of bandits was particularly significant, sometimes interacting in complex ways with the creation of the nation-state's history. Rabbits can be called colonies, fluffles, herds, warrens, or nests when in a group, depending on the context. [18] In 1449, Mongolian soldiers in the service of Ming attacked and plundered Beijing area. One exemplary leader was Zhang Mao of Wenan. Local commanders and constables were responsible for apprehending bandits, but the emperors often dispatched special censors to cope with rampant banditry. London, 1972. The Latin American masses sometimes viewed bandits as heroes striking a blow against their rich oppressors. Bandits in Peru, Mexico, and Argentina operated in a similar fashion. Why did bandits steal? The major haunts of bandits in the early modern period were the Dalmatian highlands between Venice and Turkey, the vast frontier region of Hungary, Catalonia, the Pyrenees near the French border, and some of the low mountain regions in the Holy Roman Empire (e.g., Spessart, Westerwald). Guerrilla banditry became common in Venezuela, Mexico, Cuba, and elsewhere during the wars for independence and civil wars of the nineteenth century. The use of privateers allowed states to project maritime power beyond the capabilities of their regular navies, but there were trade-offs. In historical settings where these practices were common, the line between privateer and pirate was blurred. Banditry tended to emerge in remote, difficult-to-control mountainous areas containing large numbers of semimobile and state-resistant pastoralists. By 1735, London newspapers regularly reported the exploits of Turpin and his "Essex Gang." Eg, SStartingCell=Valthume00. London, 2001. Archives europennes de Sociologie 24 (1983): 96114. Modern research has tried to debunk this myth, but largely to no avail. Whats interesting: Despite being a memorable term of venery, its not actually used much. Since the nineteenth century there have been two discourses on banditry, intimately tied with the nation-state and its imaginative geography. Most of the historical sources on bandits are the words of army or police officers charged with ridding the countryside of such "sores" or "plagues" and are thus highly partial. Such actions served as a warning or an unambiguous omen of further action. In it I have a group of men who live in a castle and fight for the castle's lord. They thus shifted their wealth into land, their pastoral backgrounds proving particularly useful both in co-opting bandits and in suppressing peasant unrest. "Fools Banished from the Kingdom: Remapping Geographies of Gang Violence between the Americas (Los Angeles and San Salvador)." An effective and determined official, empowered by influential superiors or eunuchs, could pose a severe threat to bandits survival. They personalize the mafioso's or bandit's power and prepotency, generate respect, and emphasize his inalienable symbolic capital. Michel Foucault noted that the greater the spectacle of state punishment (and most glorifications of banditry by the peasantry date from the period immediately after the establishment of nation-states), the greater the risk that it would be rejected by the very people to whom such spectacles were addressed. Insects, bugs, those many-legged creatures theyre all around us. Florence, 1977. SStartingCell= (area ID) and save it. A privateer was a pirate with papers. Church of La Negrita, Our Lady of Angels, Cartago, Costa Rica. Originating with the Greek peirats, meaning brigand, it can be applied to a wide range of nautical misbehavior, including coastal raiding and intercepting ships on high seas. The Sicarii (Assassins), so-called because of the daggers (sica) they carried, arose about 54 ce, according to Josephus, as a group of bandits who kidnapped or murdered those who had found a modus vivendi with the Romans. Many of these hoodlums learned their trade in exile in Los Angeles and other U.S. locations and were later deported back to Central America, where they have been applying what they learned. The Redbrands mostly consisted of humans, male and female, although a handful of halflings and bugbears were also in the bandit group. In the early seventeenth century the most famous Spanish bandit was Perot Rocaguinarda. Unsurprisingly, this view of the South aroused the ire of local intellectuals and politicians. In Serbian, Croatian, and Bosnian collective imaginary, Wilson, Stephen. 3 (September 2004): 759-779. Recommended for you Geschichte des niederen jdischen Volkes in Deutschland: Eine Studie ber historisches Gaunertum, Bettelwesen und Vagantentum. Contemporaries regarded bandits as archenemies of the state and a threat to divine order, denying the state monopoly over the possession of arms and sinning against God's eighth commandment. Looters are the first-tier infantry for Bandits. The state's policies toward landlordism, peasant cultivators, and pastoralists may also be a significant variable because they may favor one over the other, with radical implications for illegal practices. [27] Similarly, Zhang's comrades Liu Brothers and Tiger Yang had wives and children. Bandit leaders cooperated more often with the powerful, not the humble, elements of society. In one occasion, the influential eunuch Zhang Zhong helped his sworn brother Zhang Mao to negotiate with a commander sent to hunt down local bandits. Stories about bandits should be treated as texts to be deconstructed. [21] Also, policies and conditions in the Capital Region provided opportunities for soldiers/bandits to dodge governmental punishment. Social bandits were considered by their people as heroes, champions, and fighters for justice in a world that often denied them justice. Gaunt, William. 139149. As a legal category, banditry is a pernicious form of crime that subverts the state's monopoly of legitimate violence. 2023 LoveToKnow Media. [19] Another report of 1489 attested that soldiers had raided in Henan province. New York, 1937. Thief The name Bandit is primarily a gender-neutral name of American origin that means Thief. Many bandit gangs developed and profited from close ties to regional and local power brokers: the Caudillos (political bosses) or coroneis (planter elite). William M. "Bill" Dalton, born in 1866, was an outlaw as well and mainly rode . Despite the popular image, polygyny among bandits was the exception and not the rule. The buccaneers primary foe was Spain, which formally controlled Hispaniola and Tortuga and sought to expel the outlaws from its possessions. The serrano (mountain region) uprisings during the Mexican Revolution offer another good example of political banditry cutting across class barriers. Barcelona, 19621963. No group has claimed responsibility for the attacks but witnesses have attributed it to "bandits", the catchall phrase for criminal gangs masterminding frequent bouts of abduction, maiming . Runaway slaves or maroons sometimes became highwaymen, stealing from travelers to survive. He vows to continue his activities in order to avenge her death, but still manages to have a good time doing so. Run away from home and eventually became the leader of a group of bandits. Yet through that act the bandit embarked on his final transformation. According to Hobsbawm, bandits were symptoms of major transformations in society, but they did not themselves transform it; they were activists, not ideologues, and after World War II they disappeared. Banditry in places like southern Italy and Sicily became the subject of numerous inquiries as well as massive army intervention. Eric J. Hobsbawm coined the term "social bandits" to describe Robin Hood-style outlaws who championed the oppressed peasants. The extreme violence practiced by bandits against peasants in many contemporary accounts has been interpreted in two ways: as expressive or as instrumental. [37] The rebellion took the Ming almost two years to crush. [36] Their illegal actions eventually evolved into open rebellion against the Ming Dynasty as they blatantly besieged cities, seized imperial weaponry, extended area of operation southward, and even assumed rhetoric and attire of an imperial dynasty. After a short time he left his hiding place and tried his hand at smuggling. As a category of social behavior, banditry employs specific displays of violence to generate terror for personal ends. As the name suggests, privateers were private individuals commissioned by governments to carry out quasi-military activities. The ways in which bandits were portrayed in the modern nation-state and the ways such symbols were used to legitimate contemporary struggles are as significant as what the bandits actually did and represented. In Archivio Storico per la Calabria e la Lucania 42, Rome, 1975. In nineteenth-century Greece, ex-Klephts such as Theodoros Kolokotrnis used their memoirs to glorify themselves. 2 (1982): 58-89. The songs about the hardships of bandit life in Corsica, Greece, and elsewhere lament that becoming a bandit was far from glorious. Whereas smaller animals such as dogs were destroyed, larger ones such as sheep were grievously wounded, and the largest animals (bulls, mules, etc.) Paris, 1984. From the perspective of the state, the Mafia and brigantaggio became part of the wider questione meridionale (the southern question): Why is the South backward, crime ridden, and state resistant? The packaging of the myth of banditry in nationalist political rhetoric cannot be disregarded as unrelated to historical and anthropological analysis. What about female bandits? Rome, 1986. The absence of what Eric J. Hobsbawm has named "social banditry" in some territories led to the popular idealization of ordinary robbers, interpreting their deeds as a primitive form of social protest. In its archaic form, venery is a noun that means the sport or act of hunting game beasts; the chase. This comes from the Medieval Latin word venaria, meaning beasts of the chase, game.. Rather than being champions of the poor, bandits often terrorized and oppressed them. ed. During the Mexican Revolution, peasants formed regional bandit gangs to combat the encroachment of large haciendas or other forces of change that disrupted traditional Indian village life. Caution must be exercised in reducing discernible sociological facts, such as the observation that a bandit successfully managed to evade capture for a long period, to single empiricist causes, such as powerful protection. [28], Bandits often operated in groups under one or more leaders. What are the 4 bandits names? Encyclopedia.com. A bandit is a robber, thief, or outlaw. Prodded by my daughter Nadia who had taken . Indeed, when used by state authorities, the pejorative "bandits" labels forms of violent resistance they cannot control except by equally brutal repression. In early Republican China, the growth of warlord armies during the Warlord era was also accompanied by a dramatic increase in bandit activity exploiting the lawlessness. https://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/banditry, "Banditry Many bandits in Corsica, Sicily, Cypress, and elsewhere embarked on their careers through personal vendettas. Encyclopedia.com. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Following Hobsbawm, bandit myths are generic expressions of hidden grassroots aspirations; following Blok, these myths are largely irrelevant to banditry's political functions in the class war. To compound matters, official government sources often purposely blur the distinction between bandit and revolutionary. Through the destruction of animals or other property of the offender, or even the killing of some other person, a surrogate victim is created. [28], The career of banditry often led leaders to assemble more bandits and army deserters and organize predatory gangs into active rebel groups. Where there was no (state) law, Rousseau discerned justice; where the people were oppressed, Rousseau anticipated freedom; where the ancien rgime recognized anarchic, bloodthirsty bandits, he discerned exemplary citizens capable of discipline. The owner would thus be forced to complete the bitter destruction of his own herd. 2 vols. Unlike pre-political social bandits or self-serving guerrilla bandits, political bandits had a consciousness of and loyalty to a larger political movement. [13] They had posed such serious threat that special police attention was given to them and failure to arrest them on time incurred severer punishment (further information on Ming justice system can be found in History of criminal justice). For other uses, see, Techniques, organization, livelihood, and risks, New English Dictionary on Historical Principles (NED), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banditry&oldid=1151452214, This page was last edited on 24 April 2023, at 04:22. Franchetti, Luigi, and Sidney Sonnino. [13] Xiangmazei (whistling arrow bandits) was a category of mounted bandits named after their practice of firing whistling arrows to alert their victims. In postindependence Greece Klephtic heroes figured prominently in nationalist rhetoric. role in Jewish history In Judaism: New parties and sects The Sicarii (Assassins), so-called because of the daggers ( sica) they carried, arose about 54 ce, according to Josephus, as a group of bandits who kidnapped or murdered those who had found a modus vivendi with the Romans. Billy Jaynes Chandler, The Bandit King: Lampio of Brazil (1978). Calculated arbitrariness in imposing one's will and extravagant generosity are two aspects of the same phenomenon. He identifies multiple important factors in peasants' calculation of whether to become bandits or not, such as the government's ability to punish bandits. Torino, Italy, 1983. J "Banditry Barkey, Karen. Encyclopedia.com. However, if you're in doubt, you can always stick with herd or group. As an exchange between individuals, banditry thus employed a specific set of finely graded messages involving violence to the body and property of the victim. Later Cartouche becomes a kind of Gallic Robin Hood. The term bandit (introduced to English via Italian around 1776) originates with the early Germanic legal practice of outlawing criminals, termed *bamnan (English ban). Dreams and Realities: Selected Fiction of Juana Manuela Gorriti. Carrington, Dora. Ithaca, N.Y., 1994. Gambetta, Diego. Oxford and Cambridge, Mass., 1992. Driessen, Henk. How authorities have responded to this form of prepotency (either through savage repression or co-option of strongmen) has itself influenced responses to banditry at the local level. However, if youre in doubt, you can always stick with herd or group. ." Banditry can be seen as a legal category, a social category, and as a series of powerful stories and myths. However, banditry also arose because throughout Latin American history, elite rule restricted access to economic opportunity and political expression. Banditry is a type of organized crime committed by outlaws typically involving the threat or use of violence. Bandit definition, a robber, especially a member of a gang or marauding band. Louis A. Prez, Jr., sees banditry in western rural Cuba as motivated by peasant resentment of their marginalization by expanding sugar plantations.

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