electrical conductivity of propylene glycol water mixture

The commercially available ultra-dispersed diamond (UDD) powders of an average size of 0.12.0m have been used by Dolmatov [2] for the preparation of ND nanofluids, but he faced serious agglomeration problem with UDD powders in the base fluid. Experiments were performed to study the transient heat transfer characteristics of probe-ultrasonicated, surfactant-free, ZnOpropylene glycol (ZnOPG) nanofluids under constant heat flux and constant bath temperature conditions. BNNBs exhibit high thermal conductivity due to efficient phonon transfer and they are electrical insulators owing to their wide bandgap. The heat transfer applications of prepared ND nanofluids in a fully developed laminar flow (Reynolds number, Re<2300) can be evaluated based on the Prasher et al. 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. <50C [21]. E-mail: Ghazvini et al. Webconductivity. For reliability, Electrical conductivity of aqueous Propylene glycol (PG/W-30/70) is determined (30EG/70W) as a for three times and the same is compared with Chemical co-precipitation was used for the synthesis of large quantity of Fe3O4 nanoparticles with an average particle size of 11.42nm. The thermal performance of the internal heat transfer fluid was an important factor affecting the heat transfer efficiency of the exchanger system. The authors would like to acknowledge the Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation (FCT) for the funding of the present research work through the grant no: PTDC/EME-MFE/105031/2008 (ACMS) and UID/EMS/00481/2013 (TEMA/DEM). A shell and helically coil heat exchanger (SCHE) is used to experimentally investigate the performance of 60% water and 40% ethylene glycol mixture based Fe3O4 nanofluid as a coolant. Kole and Dey [29] prepared 50:50% PG/W based Al2O3 nanofluids and observed nanofluids obey Newtonian behaviour in the measured temperature range from 10C to 50C. endstream endobj 181 0 obj<. The as-obtained LAGP thin film also possessed a high ionic conductivity of 2 10 5 S cm 1 at 25 C and a low electronic conductivity value of 1.1 10 9 S cm 1. The single phase heat transfer fluids such as water (W), ethylene glycol (EG), propylene glycol (PG) and engine oil (EO) are primarily used in may industrial applications, among others, power, chemical and food industries. 180 0 obj <> endobj The specific heat capacity decreases with increasing nanofluid loading. DOWFROSTfluid has an operating Namburu et al. An estimation of the optimal supplied energy and time for sonication was suggested, while temperature and volumetric concentration effects on thermal conductivity are evaluated by measurements. The formation of carboxyl (COOH) groups on the surface of ND particles was analyzed by FTIR spectrum. However, the penalty in friction factor and pressure drop is 17.28% and 14.24% under the same Reynolds number and 1.0vol% nanofluid over the base fluid. 0 The hot fluid volume flow rate was fixed to 1 lit/min, whereas, the cold fluid (nanofluid) volume flow rate was varied from 2 to 6 lit/min. The Wilson plot method is used to analyze the helical coil side heat transfer coefficients. provided correct acknowledgement is given. To request permission to reproduce material from this article, please go to the model and the Mouromtseff number were used to study the heat transfer capability of ND nanofluid under laminar and turbulent flow conditions. Further to cme's statement, the injection pump for the feed can be alarmed to allow the user know that there may be a system leak. See the follo [25], [26] also prepared 20:80%, 40:60% and 60:40% EG/W based Fe3O4 nanofluids and measured both thermal conductivity and viscosity experimentally. You do not have JavaScript enabled. The carbon impurities present in the UDD powders have been removed using mixture of H2SO4 and HNO3 [5], [6], [7], [8], [9]. This study investigates theoretically and experimentally the electrical and thermal conductivities of 50/50 water-ethylene glycol based TiO 2 nanofluids with The earlier works reveals the preparation, estimation of thermal conductivity and viscosity of EG/W mixture based Al2O3, CuO, ZnO and Fe3O4 nanofluids. The dataset includes 13 different nanofluids with temperature from 30.00 to 149.15C, particle size from 5.00 to 150.00nm, particle thermal conductivity from 1.20 to 1000.00W/mk, particle volume fractions from 0.01 to11.22%, and base fluid thermal conductivity from 0.11 to 0.69W/mk. Prediction of electrical conductivity of TiO 2 water and ethylene glycol-based nanofluids for cooling application in low temperature PEM fuel cells. The GMDH model showed a better performance compared to GEP, and could predict all data with an average absolute relative error of 2.27% in training and 2.44% in testing data set. [14,15] for mono nanofluids based on the same base fluid, propylene glycol:water 20:80 wt%. How about a secondary heat exchanger, i.e primary steam/water heats intermediate water. Intemediate water is pumped to a secondary heat exchanger w We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. The present work focused on the preparation of different weight ratio of PG/W (20:80%, 40:60% and 60:40%) mixture based ND nanofluids and the estimation of thermal conductivity and viscosity experimentally at different particle concentrations and temperatures. From the IR spectra, the UDD powders contain some functional groups of H, OH, COOH were clearly observed but the intensity is very low (black line). The thermal conductivity and viscosity of ND nanofluids were estimated experimentally at different particle concentrations and temperatures. For 1.0% and a Reynolds number of 1454.4, the thermal performance factor is increased by 1.194-times above the basic fluid. 0000073219 00000 n It is hygroscopic, meaning that it readily absorbs water from the surrounding environment. 0000033853 00000 n The two-step approach was used to create ND nanofluids with volume concentrations ranging from 0.2% to 1.0%. 0000000016 00000 n Nanodiamondwater nanofluids were prepared and estimated the thermal conductivity, viscosity and also estimated their potential use in heat transfer applications. However, experimental studies that jointly explore the physical properties of hybrids and the corresponding mono nanofluids are missing. [30] also prepared 20:80%, 40:60% PG/W based Fe3O4 nanofluids and estimated thermal conductivity and viscosity experimentally. Reynolds numbers were in the range 10100 and fluid inlet temperatures ranged from 5 to 40C. The findings suggest that BNNBs have great potential for use as thermally conductive nanoparticles in nanofluids for various heat transfer applications. In addition, it was found that the proposed models could capture the physically expected trends with variation of temperature, size of nanoparticles, and volume fraction. The instrument is based on transient plane source (TPS) technique and is widely used for thermal conductivity measurement. This study reports a nanofluid that achieves long-term stability without any additives. [15] observed thermal conductivity enhancement of 12% at 0.9vol.% of nanodiamond (ND)-poly (glycidol) polymer brush/EG nanofluids, similarly observed thermal conductivity enhancement of 11% at 1.0vol.% of ND.oleic acid/mineral oil nanofluids. would like to thank FCT for his post-doctoral research grant: SFRH/BPD/79104/2011. After cycling at 25 and 80 C, LiGe alloy was formed at the Li/LAGP interface as investigated by synchrotron high energy X-ray Diffraction (HEXRD) spectra (Figure 3b ). [27] model and Mouromtseff number [31] is used to study the heat transfer benefits of PG/W based ND nanofluids in laminar and turbulent flow conditions. In this study, more than 3200 data of thermal conductivity of nanofluids were collected from literature to develop simple-to-use and accurate correlations for predicting relative thermal conductivity of nanofluids. and diagrams provided correct acknowledgement is given. Drazen, you seem to have drifted from the original question. The problem is glycol in the condensate which could be fatal to the boiler. We need Vajjha and Das [24] also prepared 60:40% (weight ratio) of EG/W based Al2O3, CuO and ZnO nanofluids and measured thermal conductivity up to 10.0vol.%. Experimental research was done on the heat transfer, entropy generation, and exergy efficiency of ethylene glycol (EG) based nanodiamond (ND) nanofluids flowing in a circular tube. 115-123, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, Volume 76, 2016, pp. The effect of BNNB concentration in carrier fluids on nanofluid thermal conductivity was investigated by introducing BNNBs into ethylene glycol-water and propylene glycol-water mixtures at 010 wt%. The Choi [1] and his team developed nanofluids (fluids contain nanometer size particles) and obtained higher thermal conductivity compared to base fluids. Different weight or mass ratios of ethylene glycol/water (EG/W) or propylene glycol/water (PG/W) fluids are commonly used as engine coolants for automobile radiators and also used as coolant for electronic equipments, heating industrial and residential buildings in the cold countries of the world such as Alaska, Canada, Northern Europe and Russia, because of its low freezing point i.e. [16] prepared 20% of water and 50% of engine oil based ND nanofluids and obtained thermal conductivity enhancement of 25% at 1.0wt.% Taha-Tijerina et al. The earlier works reveal the preparation, estimation of thermal conductivity and viscosity of water, ethylene glycol, mineral oil and midel oil based ND nanofluids. Naik and Sundar [28] prepared 30:70% PG/W based CuO nanofluid and estimated thermal conductivity and viscosity experimentally. The thermal conductivity and viscosity of ND nanofluids were investigated experimentally, whereas the density and specific heat were estimated theoretically. 499-508, Energy Conversion and Management, Volume 96, 2015, pp. 11 is presented the percentage thermal conductivity enhancement [(knfkbf)/kbf100] for these ratios along with the data with the data of Palabiyik et al. The peak near 1630cm1 represents the OH bending of physically adsorbed water and the hydrogen, Since the literature does not report for the thermal conductivity ratios of 20:80%, 40:60% and 60:40% PG/W nanofluids, in Fig. WebLearn about the chemical and physical properties of Ethylene Glycol/water mixtures, on our blog. However, those results have not been collectively compared or discussed. An investigation has been undertaken into the stone processing machines. The local Nusselt number was observed to vary axially despite satisfying the criteria for neglecting entrance effects; this variation increased with the Graetz number. The preparation of ND based nanofluids and their thermal properties are given below. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Copyright Clearance Center request page. [27] analysis if the value of C/Ck<4 then the nanofluid is heat transfer beneficial fluid. Conductivity is also affected by temperature: the warmer the water, the higher the conductivity. Hybrid nanofluids aim to further improve the characteristics of mono nanofluids. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. 2023, Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, 2023, International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 2022, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, Diamond and Related Materials, Volume 69, 2016, pp. At 1.0vol%, the thermal conductivity enhancements of 12.7% and 22.8%, at 1.0vol%, the viscosity enhancements of 1.57-times and 1.8-times were observed at temperatures of 293K and 333K compared to water data. Forced convection experiments were performed on an instrumented metal plate with micro-channels. The effect of various factors on the thermal-physical properties of diamond nanofluids is also reviewed, and the stability and viscosity of diamond nanofluids are tabulated and compared. The stability, thermophysical properties and rheological characteristics of N-CQDs nanofluids were investigated. 0000060250 00000 n 0000088556 00000 n The thermodynamic, heat transfer and thermal performance factor were analyzed experimentally at different particle volume loadings of water+ethylene glycol mixture based nanodiamond (ND) nanofluids flow in a shell and helical coiled tube heat exchanger. About 26% increase in coolant side heat transfer coefficient was obtained with 2vol.% ZnOPG nanofluid under constant bath temperature condition which could be attributed to thermal conductivity enhancement as well as improved natural convection due to viscosity reduction. In addition, both cutting efficiency and slab flatness were recorded. The theoretical models of Maxwell and Einstein have failed to estimate the thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluids as a function of temperature. Appl. The eccentric hinge guide mechanism facilitates the formation of both matrix tails on the segments and a group of more new micro cutting edges, which improve diamond stability as well as self-sharpening. Islam, R.; Shabani, B. These plates are to be used in a proposed compact (thin and light-weight) solar thermal flat plate collector (FPC). Scaling effects such as viscous dissipation and entrance effects had insignificant impact on the measured average Nusselt number. For 1.0% vol. The relative electrical conductivity of -SiC NFs and model predictions determined at 298.15 K are compared as illustrated in Fig. 8 . The results of proposed models were compared to 23 well-known theoretical and empirical models. please go to the Copyright Clearance Center request page. Diamond circular saws and diamond wire saws present some technological limits, and the marble frame saw cannot process granite by now. 0000003035 00000 n 0000102258 00000 n To create stable nanofluids, the ND nanoparticles are ultrasonically agitated with EG for 4h. At a constant heat flux of q=9099W/m2, experiments were carried out in a laminar flow with Reynolds numbers ranging from 264.4 to 2194.4. WebElectrical Conductivity ( S/cm) 55% Propylene Glycol + 45% DI Water + 0.1% Benzotriazole + 0.05% Nanoparticles (Mix# 2) 55% Propylene Glycol + 45% DI Water + 0.1% Benzotriazole + 0.025% Nanoparticles (Mix# 2) Electrical Conductivity vs. Time for the Coolant Formulations in a 1 L Dynamic Test Loop at 70oC 11 0000000918 00000 n The Raman, XRD and TEM analysis are also used on UDD and ND-acid treated nanoparticles. Here, we perform electrical characterizations of propylene glycol-based ZnO nanofluids with volume fractions as high as 7%, measuring up to a 100-fold increase in electrical conductivity over the base fluid. The different weight ratios of propylene glycol/water mixtures are used as base. The X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission, C, respectively compared to their respective base fluids. Another method for removing the carbon impurities from the UDD powders is with dry salt or dry sucrose [10]. %%EOF It was observed that the position of the thermocouples can result in an under-estimation of the Nusselt number. The exergy analysis and heat transfer characteristics pertaining to the heat exchanger were also investigated. Prasher et al. All were assigned as low priority for further work. This paper investigates the significance of some micro scaling effects in micro-channel absorber plates. 0000002234 00000 n Thus, the new prototype machine is suitable for sawing granite. WebBNNBs exhibit high thermal conductivity due to efficient phonon transfer and they are electrical insulators owing to their wide bandgap. The fluid is colorless (water white). Results showed that ND nanofluids achieved higher heat transfer coefficients than the base fluid. At 1.0vol% of nanofluid and a Reynolds number of 1454.4 in comparison to the base fluid, the Nusselt number and heat transfer coefficient are boosted by 29.43%, 45.01%, and a friction factor penalty of 27.59%, respectively. 0000073108 00000 n Xu X, Choi SUS. 0000113197 00000 n Read more about how to correctly acknowledge RSC content. Tyler et al. WebPropylene Glycol Methyl Ether (PM; CAS No. Xie et al. There are different methods to purify the UDD powders. The purification of UDD powders is important for achieving good stable nanofluids. 0000088822 00000 n MEG (Mono Ethylene Glycol) or C2H6O2. 1123-1135, Experimental thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanodiamond-based propylene glycol and water mixtures, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2016.07.007, nm can be produced in large quantity by using commercially available ultra-dispersed diamond (UDD) powders. 34590-94-8 isomeric mixture and 20324-32-7 major isomer) PM and PMA were reviewed at SIAM 11 and DPM was reviewed at SIAM 12. Additionally, surface tension and electrical conductivity are investigated. The acid treated ND particles were characterized by XRD, TEM, FTIR and XPS. 0000115846 00000 n The overall heat transfer coefficient and nanofluid-side heat transfer coefficient under constant bath temperature condition were found to increase with increasing nanoparticle volume concentration. 0000002868 00000 n Interactions between spherical and sheet-like nanoparticles explain this behaviour. In the heat exchanger, the hot fluid passes through the shell side and the cold fluid (nanofluid) passes through the helical coil side. The reason for the agglomeration of UDD powders in the base fluid is due to the presence of carbon impurities. Comparisons with data from literature confirmed the validity and the suitability of the nanoflash technique applied to thermal conductivity evaluation. The UDD powders can be treated with strong acids such as HNO3, mixture of H2SO4/HNO3, K2Cr2O7 in H2SO4, KOH/KNO3 to remove the carbon impurities [3], [4]. One of the authors (L.S.S.) [23] first time prepared 60:40% (weight ratio) of EG/W based CuO nanofluids and observed viscosity enhancement of 4.5-times and 3.1-times at 6.12vol.% at temperatures of 35C to 50C. Because of the poor electrical conductivity of the -SiC particles compared to the base ethylene glycol and propylene glycols ( p < < bf), case (1) therefore holds accordingly. In this work, mono B4C and TiB2 and hybrid TiB2:B4C nanoadditives are used for the first time to design nanofluids based on propylene glycol:water 20:80wt%. New thermal conductivity and viscosity correlations have been developed based on the experimental data. k5fX.TX#HksQ} >6!"vg8{!SP/(b8#_"hr 1q"I}\gxu'Gxq`j^vGF`i R7`md\qM._8>)pbE.x%6s&Eg)c^mDO1 }rZ~&\!=[aHM3]qIvT=nD{vf!oSAc0T]z4J0({(YxkyCWboRycfP'{ug04tTS[eun-8'$Q)^U/+jkaIB@^%BX# Thermal conductivity of nanoparticle-fluid mixture. The PG/W nanofluids are prepared with acid treated ND particles. WebPropylene glycol is a colourless liquid that is relatively viscous, has no odour, and tastes slightly sweet. 0000087536 00000 n 0000086902 00000 n Effects of working temperature on thermo-physical properties and forced convection heat transfer of TiO 2 nanofluids in waterEthylene glycol mixture. There have been numerous investigations of nanodiamond-nanofluid systems with many suggesting that considerable property enhancements, e.g., increased thermal conductivity, might be possible. The study also investigated the dispersion stability of BNNBs in different solvents using Hansen Solubility Parameters, revealing that propylene glycol mixtures demonstrated better long-term stability compared to ethylene glycol mixtures. The preparation and properties of hybrid nanofluids containing diamond nanoparticles are analyzed and discussed in detail, and a list of potential uses for these enhanced heat transfer fluids in industrial and commercial applications is provided and deliberated. The low freezing point of water (below 0C) may be achieved by adding different ratios of ethylene glycol or propylene glycol, so that the EG/W or PG/W fluid can operate up to 50C without any difficult [22]. Similarly, the viscosity enhancements are 1.55-times, 1.50-times and 1.66-times for the same 1.0vol.% of 20:80%, 40:60% and 60:40% PG/W based nanofluids at a temperature of 60C, respectively compared to their respective base fluids. WebUsing the results for propylene glycol/water with corrosion inhibitor and nanoparticles, for over 3,000 hours of operation, the conductivity of the solution would have gone up to about 27 mS/cm-hr. Chemical treatment was used to make ND nanoparticles with an average size of 5.42nm. Therefore, there is no literature on the thermal properties of PG/W mixture based ND nanofluids. Based on the results, the thermal conductivity enhancements are 18.8%, 16.8% and 14.1% at 1.0 vol.% of 20:80%, 40:60% and 60:40% PG/W based nanofluids. The main advantages of this measurement technique are short measurement times, easy sample preparation and high accuracy. The B4C mono nanofluid shows the highest improvements of thermal conductivity (6.0%) and electrical conductivity (70 times higher), but also the highest viscosity increases (5154%). The stable ND nanofluids were prepared by considering 60:40% water+ethylene glycol (weight percentage) mixture as base fluid and the experiments were performed at particle loadings ranging from 0.2% to 1.0% and the Reynolds number ranging from 900 to 4800, respectively. The electrical conductivity of glycol mixtures within the range of 0000125049 00000 n Check with Union Carbide or Dow as they manufacture glycols. I understand they do have a web site. Accurate estimation of thermal conductivity (TC) of nanofluids is essential in thermophysical studies of nanofluids. [27] analysis.knfkbf=1+Cknfbf=1+Cwhere, is the volume concentration, Ck and C are the thermal conductivity and viscosity enhancement coefficients. During the preparation of UDD powders, igniter is used in the detonation process which causes metal and carbon impurities and those are aggregates or attached to the outer surface of the ND particles. Web9.9 Liquid Water Interfacial Tension: Not pertinent 9.10 Vapor (Gas) Specific Gravity: Not pertinent 9.11 Ratio of Specific Heats of Vapor (Gas): 1.073 9.12 Latent Heat of Vaporization: 306 Btu/lb = 170 cal/g = 7.12 X 105J/kg 9.13 Heat of Combustion: 10,310 Btu/lb = 5,728 cal/g = 239.8 X 105J/kg 9.14 Heat of Decomposition: Not pertinent jralston1@ncat.edu, b 107-98-2) Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether Acetate (PMA; CAS No. If you want to reproduce the whole article This paper presents results of experimental investigation into dielectric properties of silicon oxide lignin (SiO 2-L) particles dispersed with various mass fractions in ethylene glycol (EG).Measurements were conducted at a controlled temperature, which was changed from 298.15 to 333.15 K with an accuracy of 0.5 and 0.2 K for dielectric Increasing the concentration of the nanofluid beyond 1.0vol% shows a little improvement in the effectiveness of the heat exchanger. This paper reviews and summarizes the experimental values of the physical and thermal properties, including an appropriate focus on the thermal conductivity enhancement, of nanodiamond-nanofluid systems found in the literature as well as different techniques for thermal conductivity measurement. On the other hand preparation of propylene glycol/water (PG/W) based nanofluids and estimation of thermal properties is also important before use in heat transfer equipments, because these PG/W fluids are also used as engine coolants for automobile radiators. 0000087804 00000 n Absolute deviations lower than 1.5% were obtained between the experimental and predicted data using the aforementioned nanopowder thermal conductivities, as can be observed in Fig. The sensitivity analysis illustrated that temperature has the highest effect on the relative TC followed by base fluid TC and particle volume fraction. The present findings are consistent with those of Palabiyik et al. Based on the above methods the acid treatment method is more effective compared to other salt and sucrose methods.

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